Covid-19 Vaccines: Light Of Hope
Vaccine which is very common term in recent period. But What is the Vaccine? Different Authors defined this term differently. In general, a Vaccine is one kind of agent which build active immunity system against the disease. For example Polio Vaccine, Mumps Vaccine, Rabies Vaccine, etc. In recent, There are more than 50 covid vaccines in the trial.
Vaccines usually require years of research and invent it for a human trial. But in 2020, Scientists and researchers are working hard to invent vaccines for Corona Virus.Already 63 vaccines are now in a clinical trial in the whole world. In general, scientists need a long time for inventing vaccines but this time they need only 10 months for starting clinical trials. On 14th the December United States Of America started its human trial.
Vaccines: The process
Before knowing furthermore, We have to understand the whole process of how a vaccine become available for human from research point to the final stage. For getting the final approved vaccine to have to pass three stages.They are-
1)Phase 1(Safety Trial)
2)Phase 2(Expanded Trial)
3)Phase 3 (Efficacy Trial)
1)Safety Trial :In this phase,Scientists are trial vaccines on small group of people. It is a preliminary stage. This trial is doing on a small group of people. As its the first stages so the objective of this stage is to see whether its produce immunity response or not. In the Corona Virus vaccines issue, 43 vaccines are now in this phase.
2)Expanded Trial: After passing from Safety trial, the vaccine is ready for an expanded trial. In this phase, Vaccines are trialed on hundreds of people by scientists. This phase is very important for the final approval. Here, The vaccines trial are happening on different criteria. Like: How the vaccine is effected on a young age or an old age. Or sometimes it tasted on the basis of gender, color, diseases, etc. Now,20 vaccines are on expanded trial.
3)Efficacy Trial: This is the final trial. Here, Vaccines are given to thousands of people and wait to see how it creat an effect on the people. This trial may happen in different countries people. After this trial, Every vaccine company publishes a rate which is called the efficacy rate. Efficacy rate means the rate of effectiveness of the vaccines. For Example, Pfizer's vaccines are now in this phase. Along with there are about 18 vaccines are also in this phase.
So,If any vaccine completed this three stages, Then it is finally get permission for the whole world.
According to these stages, A vaccine can be for 3 types of use.They are-
1)Limited Use: If any vaccine in these 3 stages is getting not so satisfactory mark then this vaccine will be for limited use.
2)Approved :When any vaccine are ensuring satisfactory rate or great result then it will be approved fully in different country. And this approval is given by different world health organization.
3)Abandoned: If any of these 3 stages, any vaccine get a red signal or negative marking for different reason like its negative side effect, so this type of vaccine will be abandoned for trial.
So, these all the facts related to the vaccine procedures.
Vaccines Details
Already more than 50 vaccines are on different trials. So, Now we will know about some popular vaccines in the Corona Virus.They are-
1)Pfizer-BioNTech based Comirnaty(mRNA type; It completed phase 2 & 3)
2)Moderna based mRNA-1273(mRNA type;it completed phase 2 & 3)
3)Oxford -AstraZeneca based AZD1222
4)Johnson & Johnson based Ad26COV2.S
5)CURE VAC based CVnCoV
6)Sinovac
7)CanSino based Convidecia
8)TaKaRa based AG0302-COVID 19
9)Zydus based zyCov-D
10)INOVIO based INO -4800
Some vaccines details are given below-
1)Pfizer-BioNTech based Comirnaty: New york-based Company Pfizer and German Company BioNTech invent the Vaccine Community. Now it is one of the successful vaccines in the Corona Virus. This vaccine efficacy rate is 95%. This mRNA type vaccine. mRNA type means Messenger RNA which means the Genetic RNA which are delivered from one or more corona own's genes. This vaccine is one kind of protein Spike that will create the immune system. So, here this vaccine works as a protein spike against the virus. Its completed 2nd and 3rd phase.Its now approved in many countries like Canada,United kingdom etc as well for the emergency use in US.
In March, BioNTech partnered with Pfizer to scale up the research for launching a clinical trial in May. So, In May, after completing the first trial these vaccines completed their phase 2 and 3 in July. They completed their trial with 30000 volunteers in the US. Then completed these 3 stages they presenting their preliminary data on November 9. And then FDA(Food & Drug Administration ) released that the efficacy rate of this vaccine is 95%. Then, On December 2, the United kingdom gave the emergency authorization as the first western country. After that the FDA granted the first emergency authorization in the US.
Not only these country,Already China,Costa Rica,Kuwait, Mexico, Panama gave the emergency authorization. As well as Bahrain, Canada, Saudi Arabia gave full approval for this Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. This company already started to supply millions of doses to different country According to their supply It expect that they will provide 1.3 billion doses vaccines will manufactured by the end of 2021.
2)Moderna based mRNA -1273:After Pfizer - BioNTech, Moderna is the successful vaccine company for launching their vaccine. Moderna is a Boston based company. It completed its 3rd phase. Its efficacy rate is 94.5%. It got emergency authorization in the US.
They completed their phase 1 and 2 trial before July. In their phase 1 trial, they trialed the vaccine on the monkeys. They say that this vaccine protects the monkeys. After that, they continued their phase 3 trial on July 27 with 30000 volunteers. In August, the US government awarded an additional $1 billion for extra 100 million doses. Before that US investment in this vaccine was $1billion. On November 19,This company announced their preliminary data of 3rd stage. so after publishing their data, On December 18 FDA gave emergency authorization in US.
Not only US but also other many country started to give full approval or emergency authorization according to their demand. For example, On November 25 the European Commission ordered 160 million doses. Besides, Canada, Japan, Qatar also made deal with this Company.
3)Cure Vac based CVnCOV:Its another vaccine which is now in good trial position. This Company doing their research work in Germany. Now it's in the Phase 3 stage. In December it completed its phase 3 trial with 36500 volunteers. Its mRNA type will be given by Muscle injection. This company projected that manufactured 300 million doses in 2021.
4)Oxford -AstraZeneca based AZD1222:This vaccines is another successful vaccine against Corona Virus. Its efficiency rate is 90%. Oxford University and British Company Astra Zeneca completed their phase 3 trial on December 8. It completed its 1st and 2nd trial in India and the Us. In India, this vaccine is known as CoviShield.US government gave support to $1.2 billion for 300 million doses. European Union also deals with this company for 400 million doses. Most importantly, Bangladesh also dealing with this company for the vaccine.
Vaccines Nationalism Vs Discrimination :
Vaccines Nationalism means "My Nation First " mentality in all vaccine-related activities. When a country is only thinking about its own interest in getting vaccines then it's called vaccine nationalism. Different development and the rich country started ordering and storing their vaccines more than their demand. They only think about their own country, not about the other country. so that's creat discrimination between poor and rich country.
In the world, total 7.8 billion population and about 213 countries are affected in the Corona. Everyone needs vaccines but when rich countries are only think about their own self then poor countries will be sufferer. But the president of WHO wants to collect 200 core dozes for the poor and underdeveloped country. Besides GAVI-The vaccines alliance and CEPI(Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness innovation working for the poor people of undeveloped countries so that they can get vaccines easily.
Vaccines: Overview Of Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a developing country and trying to deal with the different vaccine companies for ensuring the vaccines in the country. But Bangladesh can't deal with Pfizer - BioTech, and modern because of the storage problem and high price rate. For the Pfizer-BioTech vaccines storage, there needs -70০ C temperature cold chain which is unavailable in BD. And the price of these vaccines is so high. So now Bangladesh deals with the Oxford and AstraZeneca (AZD1222 vaccine) company. The Government of BD deals with this company for 30 million doses. This Vaccine knew as CoviShield.Bangladesh also deals with the Serum Institute (India)for getting vaccines quickly. If they can reach the final stages, then they will provide their vaccines to Bangladesh. Bangladesh Government also keeping connectivity with the COVAX (WHO, GAVI, CEPI) for getting vaccines quickly in the country. But After getting vaccines, What's will be the procedure for distributing vaccines it's still unclear. Bangladesh should establish a proper monitoring team, a distributive team as well as proper policy for vaccines related decisions.
Finally, Vaccines in which everyone has rights. So, If rich countries are leaving their Vaccines Nationalism mentality and do something better for the poor countries, Then every affected people will get the opportunity for taking vaccines. so, everyone should be much more generous in the vaccine issues.
Sanjida Akther
Department of Accounting
Session :2017-2018
Contact No:01836072013
